![]() ![]() Others seek a common core among diverse forms of knowledge, for example, that they all involve some kind of awareness or that they all belong to a special type of successful performance. An example of this approach is characterizing knowledge as justified true belief (JTB), which is seen by many as the standard definition. It can be understood in analogy to how chemists analyze a sample by seeking a list of all the chemical elements composing it. The term "analysis of knowledge" (or equivalently, "conception of knowledge" or "theory of knowledge") is often used for this approach. Another is to try to provide a theoretically precise definition by listing the conditions that are individually necessary and jointly sufficient. One approach is to focus on knowledge's most salient features in order to give a practically useful definition. They also concern disputes about the standards of knowledge that people intend to uphold, for example, what degree of certainty is needed. The disagreements relate to the goals and methods within epistemology and other fields. ĭespite the agreement about these general characteristics of knowledge, its exact definition is disputed. It is also widely accepted that propositional knowledge is a form of true belief. There is wide, though not universal, agreement among philosophers that knowledge involves a cognitive success or an epistemic contact with reality, like making a discovery. Analytical philosophers usually aim to identify the essential features of propositional knowledge in their definitions. Finally, " knowledge by acquaintance" refers to a familiarity with the known object based on previous direct experience. ![]() "Knowledge-how" ( know-how) expresses practical competence, as in "she knows how to swim". "Knowledge-that", also called propositional knowledge, can be expressed using that-clauses as in "I know that Dave is at home". Most definitions of knowledge in analytic philosophy recognize three basic types. Numerous definitions of knowledge have been suggested. Many religions hold that humans should seek knowledge and that God or the divine is the source of knowledge. Science tries to acquire knowledge using the scientific method, which is based on repeatable experimentation, observation, and measurement. Formal epistemology studies, among other things, the rules governing how knowledge and related states behave and in what relations they stand to each other. Philosophical skepticism is the thesis that humans lack any form of knowledge or that knowledge is impossible. The problem of the value of knowledge concerns the question of why knowledge is more valuable than mere true belief. It is the primary subject of the field of epistemology, which studies what someone knows, how they come to know it, and what it means to know something. Many aspects of knowledge are investigated, and it plays a role in various disciplines. According to infinitism, an infinite chain of beliefs is needed. This claim is rejected by coherentists, who contend that a sufficient degree of coherence among all the mental states of the believer is necessary for knowledge. According to foundationalism, some of these sources are basic in the sense that they can justify beliefs without depending on other mental states. Other sources often discussed include memory, rational intuition, inference, and testimony. Many theorists also include introspection as a source of knowledge, not of external physical objects, but of one's own mental states. The most important source of empirical knowledge is perception, which is the usage of the senses. Others accept that justification is an essential aspect and formulate additional requirements. Some of them deny that justification is necessary and suggest alternative criteria. These controversies intensified due to a series of thought experiments by Edmund Gettier and have provoked various alternative definitions. This includes questions like whether justification is needed at all, how to understand it, and whether something else besides it is needed. While there is wide agreement among philosophers that propositional knowledge is a form of true belief, many controversies in philosophy focus on justification. Knowledge of facts, also called propositional knowledge, is often defined as true belief that is distinct from opinion or guesswork by virtue of justification. ![]() It is often understood as awareness of facts or as practical skills, and may also mean familiarity with objects or situations. Knowledge is a form of awareness or familiarity. ![]()
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